John Muir stated, "The simple arrangement in zones and sections brings the (Sierra) forest, as a whole, within the comprehension of every observer. The differing species are ever found occupying the same relative positions to one another, as controlled by soil, climate, and the comparative vigor of each species in taking and holding the ground; and so appreciable are these relations, one need never be at a loss in determining within a few hundred feet, the elevation above sea-level by the trees
alone." 1 
      This sounds very easy for a person of John Muir's caliber, but, if you're like me, just figuring out any tree specie in the Sierra is a very difficult task, especially certain conifers. "Twenty four species of arborescent ("treelike") conifers as well as one shrubby form are found in the range."2

Jeffrey Pine
Pinus Jeffreyi

Size:   60-160 feet.

Needles: Forms in bunchesof 3.  From 5-10 inches long. Light grey or bluish-green.

Trunk:  4-7 feet in diameter. Reddish bark, deeply furrowed; has platelike appearance.

Cone:  5-10 inches. Egg shaped, with inturned spikes on scale. Matures every other year.

Habitat:  Throughout Sierra. Predominates in Eastern Sierra. From 5000-7000 feet ft. Higher on east slope, up to 10,000 feet.

How do we tell one from another?
      What became evident to many botanists, like John Muir, is that the coniferous trees of the Sierra grow in apparent bands or belts along the face of the mountains, largely at specific altitudes. This knowledge alone is a valuable key to unlocking the great mystery of which Sierra tree is which; but it isn't always foolproof. Some trees, and their general belt zones, overlap and two or more similar coniferous tree species can, and often do, grow in the same locality. To make matters worse, several conifers are very similar in appearance, and also can be found in common where their zones overlap. Just one such tree is the Jeffrey Pine (Pinus jeffreyi). I call it (Pinus hardtoidentifyi).
     
Jeffrey pines grow from 60 to 180 feet in height. They are generally found from 5000-7000 feet on the western slope of the Sierra, however, this species seems to predominate on the drier eastern slopes. The needles form in bunches of three and are from 8-10 inches long. The tree is from 4 to seven feet in diameter and the bark is furrowed, forming reddish plates. The cones of the Jeffrey pine are 6 to 8 inches long and about 5 inches around.  Unfortunately, the Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa), also known as the Ponderosa Pine, is also from approximately 60-200 feet in height, the needles form in bunches of three and are 5-10 inches long and, guess what, the bark is furrowed. So, how does one tell these two great trees apart? The answer is... where they grow together, sometimes you don't.
      The first clue starts with John Muir. The Yellow, or Ponderosa pine prefers a relatively moist habitat, in locations with a minimum of 25 inches of rain per year. Where moisture reaches this level, usually in the lower elevations of the Sierra, Ponderosa pines dominate. Jeffrey pines, on the other hand, survive well on xeric

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