| Depression 鬱 |
<symptom> | ・Dysthymia ・unable to make decisions |
| <cause> | ・biochemical in nature ・hereditary | |
| <risk> | ・outside happening | |
| <therapy> | ECT | |
| <care> | <good signs>sleep , appetite, psychomoter behavior <self-worth up care>contact frequently, sit with pt, interested in you, wanna help you, empathy, You were able to …, not to encourage <encouragement>it's time for you!, let to make a decision |
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| Manic 躁 |
<symptom> | ・Flight of ideas ・Echolalia ・Neologism ・Clang associations ・non stop talking ・unable to make decisions |
| <care> | showing respect, regard for pt, limit setting, for self-control up, keep self-esteem, non punitive <severe case>・・・admin haloperidol, seclude, restrain |
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| <support group> | NAMI | |
| Suicide | <risk> | ・constant suicidal thoughts ・past attempts ・with highly lethality ・caucasian ・elderly ・male ・family history |
| <care> | empathy, hope, help | |
| <support group> | survivors of suicide | |
| 原因別 | loss of self-esteem | ex)大学に落ちたから自殺 |
| abandonment | ex)両親を事故で亡くし自殺 | |
| relief of pain | ex)がんによる痛みやつらさが耐えられず自殺 | |
| control | ex)別れた男にみせしめ、誰かの感情をコントロールするための自殺 | |
| Schizophrenia | <symptom> | ・disturbed thought process ・disturbed thought perception ・inpaired verbal communication ・social isolation ・speech section ・insight section ・judgement section ・acute phase..cannot do simple tasks |
| 分裂病関係 言葉 |
disturbed thought process | 妄想など as evidenced by delusional thinking |
| disturbed sensory perception | 幻覚 | |
| impaired verbal communication | 一貫しない会話など | |
| speech section | 話せないなど | |
| social isolation | 部屋からでてこないなど | |
| insight section | 病識不足など | |
| judgement section | 判断不足 ex)不要なものを購入したりするなど | |
| negative symptoms | apathy flat affect social withdrawal |
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| positive symptoms | delusion hallucination illusion idea of reference ⇒result of agitation, hostility, aggression |
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| paranoid schizophrenia 妄想型 |
preoccupation with persecutory delusions & hallucinations 比較的まとまりのある体系的な妄想を強固にいだいているのが特徴。妄想の内容としては被害的・迫害的・関係的なものが多い。 ex)「周囲がグルになって自分を監視したり、自分に危害を加えようとする」 |
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| undifferentiated schizophrenia 分類不能型(複合型) |
hallucinations asocial behaviors 破瓜型(解体型)、緊張型、妄想型などの複数の病型の特徴をもつが、いずれとも分類できない。 |
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| disorganized type of schizophrenia 解体型 |
glossly disorganized behaviors & speech | |
| catatonic type of schizophrenia 緊張型 |
immobility & waxy flexibility 特別の前ぶれもなく、突如大声で歌い踊り、激しく動きまわり、裸になって暴れたりする奇妙な多動と衝動行為を示す緊張興奮、あるいは、まったく応答せず動かず、カタレプシー・常同・意味のない拒否などを示す緊張昏迷が出現する。 |
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| Delirium | <symptom> | sudden onset sleep disturbances inability to focus memory deficits altered perceptions disorientation to time & place disturbance in cognition consciousness that fluctuate during the day |
| Dementia | slow but progressive onset failure to identify objects despite intact sensory functions significant impairment in social or occupational functioning overtime memory inpairment to the degree of being called amnesia |
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| Alzheimer's Disease | <symptom> early : recalling past events, recent memory is impaired <dementiaと違う特徴> neurofibrillary tangles & plaques |
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| 人格障害 | limit setting | 受け入れられない行動をコントロールする手助けになる |
| consistency | negative behaviorの頻度を減らすのを助ける | |
| supportive confrontation | 患者の言ってることに矛盾があれば、患者自身の責任感をもたせるため間違いを指摘する | |
| アルコール中毒 | <symptom> peripheral neuritis (numbness, itching, pain, footdrop) |
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| defense 機構 | minimization | 飲んでいても「あまり飲んでない」などと縮小して話すこと |
| projection | 「妻が悪い」などと他の誰かに自分の過ちを投影させること | |
| denial | 無意識的に実際受け入れられない行動や考えをみとめること。 ex)「私はいつでも酒をやめれるよ。全く問題ない。」 |
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| rationalization | 自分の考えや態度を正当化しようとする試みのこと ex)「仕事がこんなに忙しくなければ飲まなくてすむ。リラックスのためだ」 |
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| displacement | 他の誰かや何かに感情をtransferすること | |
| サポートグループ | Alateen | for teenager |
| Al-Anon | for pt's family | |
| Employee Assistance Program | 仕事を続けながらアル中treatment(リハビリ)をする人をサポートするところ | |
| Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) |
患者本人をサポートするところ | |
| Dual Diagnosis | 1)psychiatric disorder (mental illness, personality disorder) 2)substance abuse or dependency problem 上記1)2)の組み合わせ ex)major depression + アル中 |
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| 薬物中毒 | Heroin(opioid) | <症状> *addictedされるとeuphoric→drowsiness→hypoactivityへとなる 「central nervous system」 呼吸抑制・心停止 「peripheral nervous system」 urinary retention, BP↓, pupil size↓, constipationなど <離脱過程> early : yawning, tearing, rhinorrhea, sweating intermediate : flushing, P↑, tremor restlessness, irritability late : vomiting, diarrhea muscle spasm, T↑, nausea, sneezing |
| Barbiturates | central nervousを抑制する⇒呼吸抑制に注意 | |
| Cocaine | Formication(蟻走感)あり | |
| Marijuana | ||
| Amphetamine | 覚醒アミン 症状・・・agitation, psychotic symptoms 薬・・・Haloperidol(Haldol)を用いる |
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| Lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD) | 幻覚剤 症状・・・synesthesia「共感覚」(色を臭い、音を聞く) |
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| Phencyclidine(PCP) | 症状・・・calmからviolentへ、そしてまたcalmになる 対応・・・acid aids(クランベリージュースなど)はPCP排出する作用あり |
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| children & adlescents with behavior problems | autism 自閉症 |
problems with interpersonal relationship ・resisting affection ・refusing to respond to others ・repetitive behavior |
| asperger's disorder | ・recognized later than autism ・interpersonal problems worsen with school attendance |
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| Tourette's syndrome | multiple motor and verbal tics | |
| ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) |
portrayed as incessant activity with difficulty compleating tasks ・occur more often in families & suggesting of a genetic concern ・failure to complete tasks ・inability to pay attention during class ・easy destractibility ・ADHDの1/3-1/2位の人が大人になるとnot need medicationとなる |
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| conduct disorder | severe problems with ・behavior ・authority ・the law ex) vandalism, prostitution |
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| oppositional defiant disorder | problems with authority ・defiance to authority not including legal problems |
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| separation anxiety disorder | <symptom> ・refuse to sit in class ・insistence on calling pt's mother when he/she isn't ill ・physical appearance of anxiety |
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| dysthymia | 気分変調 less severe 患者にはpsychotherapeutic approachesが効果あり ⇒negative self-image, negative feelings about the future, and poor self-esteemをreverseすることで患者をassistする |
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| neuroleptic malignant syndrome | <symptoms> muscle regidity altered consciousness fever up respiratory trouble ⇒life thretening !! |
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| crisis intervention 危機介入 |
crisis situationはtime-limitがあり、たいてい4-6Wとされている。 危機介入「the right help at the right time」 <ゴール> ・regaining of emotional security & equilibrium ・acquisition of new coping skills |
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| anorexia nervosa 拒食症 |
<定義> intense fear of becoming obese, emaciation, and a disturbed body image <symptom> lanugo, hypothermia, hypotension |
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| 言葉の説明 | psychomotor behavior | excited, 大げさで繰り返すphysical movement,excessive talking & gesturing |
| mood & affect | mood : subjective feeling (happy, sad, …) affect : display of emotion (appropriate, flat, normal, blunted, labile…) |
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| thought content | ex)"I'm the Queen of England. Bow before me," is an example of a grandiose delusion | |
| flight of idea | speech pattern from topic to topic without finishing one idea | |
| echolalia | オウム返し repetition of words heard ex)Ns says"Go to bed!" pt"bed, bed, bed,…" |
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| neologism | 造語症 | |
| clang associations | use of rhyming words ex)"Let's eat lunch, bunch, munch, crunch!" "protect me, select me, reject me" |
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| reaction formation | conscious behavior that is the opposite of an unconscious feeling ほんとは憎んでいる人をいい人といったりすることなど |
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| repression | unconscious forgetting of painful ideas, events, conflict 車の事故のことなど詳細を思い出せないことなど |
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| suppression | voluntary exclusion of anxiety-producing feelings さしせまったことについては意図的に話そうとしないことなど |
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| intellectualization | use only logical explanations without feeling 子供の死を悲しみの表情を見せずに話すことなど |